Hence segregation is not only politically, economically and sociologically unsound, it is morally wrong and sinful. The other force is one of bitterness and hatred, and it comes perilously close to advocating violence. Similarly, it would have been illegal to come to the aid of a Jew in Nazi Germany, but King states that he would have done so, even though, by helping and comforting a Jewish person, he would have been breaking the law. In that dramatic scene on Calvary's hill three men were crucified. This essay was written by a fellow student. Similarly, King identifies white moderates as being more dangerous to progress than white nationalists, because they believe in order rather than justice and thus they can sound rational and sympathetic even as they stand in the way of racial integration and civil rights. You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state's segregation laws was democratically elected? We began a series of workshops on nonviolence, and we repeatedly asked ourselves: "Are you able to accept blows without retaliating?" I have just received a letter from a white brother in Texas. about it. Whitesall experience fatherhood. keeping thepeace amid such conflict. Knowing that a strong economic-withdrawal program would be the by product of direct action, we felt that this would be the best time to bring pressure to bear on the merchants for the needed change. Is not segregation an existential expression of man's tragic separation, his awful estrangement, his terrible sinfulness? You speak of our activity in Birmingham as extreme. The teachings of Christ take time to come to earth." King's wrote his "Letter" as a response to "A Call for Unity.". Explain why the examples fit your chosen reason. This cascade of examples makes the idea of waiting absurd, and by the time the sentence finally ends with "then you will understand" there's a very well established understanding. Was not Paul an extremist for the Christian gospel: "I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus." This was during a larger campaign in Birmingham to spread the word of integration. Every day I meet young people whose disappointment with the church has turned into outright disgust. Also, an imitation of St. Paul, who also wrote from prison, and inspired generations of Christians. Isn't negotiation a better path?" Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured? parallelism in letter from birmingham jail. April 16, 1963. Perhaps Mr. Connor and his policemen have been rather nonviolent in public, as was Chief Pritchett in Albany, Georgia, but they have used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the immoral end of racial injustice. Direct link to Student's post What did the Hungarian re. Some have been dismissed from their churches, have lost the support of their bishops and fellow ministers. Like a boil that can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be opened with all its ugliness to the natural medicines of air and light, injustice must be exposed, with all the tension its exposure creates, to the light of human conscience and the air of national opinion before it can be cured. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. When we discovered that the Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, had piled up enough votes to be in the run off, we decided again to postpone action until the day after the run off so that the demonstrations could not be used to cloud the issues. By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University) 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' is Martin Luther King's most famous written text, and rivals his most celebrated speech, 'I Have a Dream', for its political importance and rhetorical power. Mental pictures are created by using words related to the five senses: touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. And I am further convinced that if our white brothers dismiss as "rabble rousers" and "outside agitators" those of us who employ nonviolent direct action, and if they refuse to support our nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes will, out of frustration and despair, seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies--a development that would inevitably lead to a frightening racial nightmare. Why sit ins, marches and so forth? Actually, we who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension. I doubt that you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had They are still all too few in quantity, but they are big in quality. How can he and others justify breaking the law? In Letter from Birmingham Jail, King answers some of the criticisms he had received from the clergymen in their statement, and makes the case for nonviolent action to bring about an end to racial segregation in the South. Too long has our beloved Southland been bogged down in a tragic effort to live in monologue rather than dialogue. First, I must confess that over the past few years I have been gravely disappointed with the white moderate. He challenged the racist underpinnings and structures of American society. This passage is a rather concise description of the call to arms that lies within the "Letter from Birmingham Jail.". If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Never before have I written so long a letter. Martin Luther King's Letter from Birmingham City Jail makes heavy use of ethos and logos to clarify issues and concerns from his criticizers, but relies even more on the emotional connection that it portrays on the reader. personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people; -then you will There isn't quite as much of that in "Letter From Birmingham Jail," but it still pops up a couple of times. I felt that the white ministers, priests and rabbis of the South would be among our strongest allies. Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, Posted 3 years ago. In King's letter, written during his incarceration in Birmingham Jail at the time of the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, antithesis is used to express King's key concern that there is one rule in. Give them the following six literary elements and have them create a storyboard that depicts and explains the use of each literary element in the letter: alliteration, metaphor, allusion, imagery, parallelism, personification. But what you have to understand is that segregation was so deeply ingrained into the culture of the American South that anyone who spoke out against it could find themselves in serious danger. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. My Dear Fellow Clergymen: While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. I am here because I have organizational ties here. King made use of ethos, pathos, and logos in his letter; three powerful rhetorical devices that make various appeals to the target audience. Repetitions help the writer give structure to his arguments and highlight important aspects. Direct link to Andrew's post Yes, it was unfair. ", We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God given rights. He is writing the letter to his "fellow. I wish you had commended the Negro sit inners and demonstrators of Birmingham for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. Letter from Birmingham Jail is Martin Luther Kings most famous written text, and rivals his most celebrated speech, I Have a Dream, for its political importance and rhetorical power. I cannot join you in your praise of the Birmingham police department. Direct link to leo's post This was written because , Posted 3 years ago. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. It was "illegal" to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. In this statement, they had criticised Kings political activities unwise and untimely. I can assure you that it would have been much shorter if I had been writing from a comfortable desk, but what else can one do when he is alone in a narrow jail cell, other than write long letters, think long thoughts and pray long prayers? It is also a well-known defence of the notion of civil disobedience, or refusing to obey laws which are immoral or unjust, often through peaceful protest and collective action. There are lot of ways to teach . Unlike so many of their moderate brothers and sisters, they have recognized the urgency of the moment and sensed the need for powerful "action" antidotes to combat the disease of segregation. c. Analyze and explain how King's references to help develop his overall ideas about "nonviolent" using textual evidence to support your answer? There can be no deep disappointment where there is not deep love. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Some -such as Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden, James McBride Dabbs, Ann Braden and Sarah Patton Boyle--have written about our struggle in eloquent and prophetic terms. There comes a time when the cup of endurance runs over, and men are no longer willing to be plunged into the abyss of despair. One is Christian examples: Jesus, St. Paul, and Amos, the Old Testament prophet, are all mentioned, with King drawing parallels between their actions and those of the civil rights activists participating in direct action. You cannot read Dr. Kings words and stay distanced. King likens this to the tension in the individual human mind which Socrates, the great classical philosopher, fostered through his teachings. Let me take note of my other major disappointment. Now, what is the difference between the two? I am grateful to God that, through the influence of the Negro church, the way of nonviolence became an integral part of our struggle. One may well ask: "How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?" Things are different now. Dr. King makes sure to mention the withholding of food from After reading "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", ask your students to do a scavenger hunt using the storyboard creator. As King observes, privileged people seldom give up their privileges voluntarily: hence the need for nonviolent pressure. The campaign used King's arrest to further their causes by calling attention to it and not offering bail. I have no fear about the outcome of our struggle in Birmingham, even if our motives are at present misunderstood. By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University). I also hope that circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet each of you, not as an integrationist or a civil-rights leader but as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother. What did a clergyman do to get arrested? But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends. repetition of if you and when you combined with the vivid descriptions Dr. King paints the act. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. Thanks to Dr. King's letter, "Birmingham" had become a clarion call for action by the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, especially in the 1980s, when the international outcry to free Nelson Mandela reached its zenith. . civil rights movement. I have hope that Mr. Boutwell will be reasonable enough to see the futility of massive resistance to desegregation. I had hoped that the white moderate would understand that the present tension in the South is a necessary phase of the transition from an obnoxious negative peace, in which the Negro passively accepted his unjust plight, to a substantive and positive peace, in which all men will respect the dignity and worth of human personality. By directly referring to you, again, Dr. King calls out these religious leaders directly for that Dr. King was smuggled a copy of A Call for Unity, a statement released by eight southern He challenged the unjust economic structures of American business and government. Over and over I have found myself asking: "What kind of people worship here? information, whether by circumstance or choice, they have remained numb to the struggles in People in the church have made a variety of excuses for not supporting racial integration. Here however, Kings elimination of ambiguity, allows him to put aside the faade of politics and take a unique and forceful one-on-one, man-to- with a clear conscience. Google Classroom. In Kings rebuke the eight But these frames of reference also establish a common ground between both him and the clergymen he addresses, and, more widely, with many other Americans who will read the open letter. Fatherhood is something that transcends time and space. The "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King Jr. is about the unfair, brutal, and racist treatment the black community has been receiving from white people. Choose one type of reason and cite an example from these lines. kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/kingweb/popular_requests/frequentdocs/clergy.pdf. backgrounds of the clergymen: When you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you Direct link to sophia.delgado002's post It sounds really unfair, , Posted 3 months ago. Kings use of relatable imagery surrounding when you The repetition of the word "willing" offers emphasis on the topic of civil rights, in an almost exigent and urgent tone. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority. But again I am thankful to God that some noble souls from the ranks of organized religion have broken loose from the paralyzing chains of conformity and joined us as active partners in the struggle for freedom. We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. I hope, sirs, you can understand our legitimate and unavoidable impatience. The other is examples from American history: Abraham Lincoln (who issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the American Civil War, a century before King was writing) and Thomas Jefferson (who drafted the words to the Declaration of Independence, including the statement that all men are created equal). composing what we now know as A Letter from Birmingham Jail. In his letter, Dr. Kings I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth. 3. "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil disobedience. If today's church does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the early church, it will lose its authenticity, forfeit the loyalty of millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no meaning for the twentieth century. In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law, as would the rabid segregationist. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here. But they have acted in the faith that right defeated is stronger than evil triumphant. And Abraham Lincoln: "This nation cannot survive half slave and half free." what effects did this letter have on the constitution? perspective instead of a civil rights leaders perspective. The emphasis throughout is non nonviolent action, or peaceful protest, which King favours rather than violent acts such as rioting (which, he points out, will alienate many Americans who might otherwise support the cause for racial integration). While Mr. Boutwell is a much more gentle person than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, dedicated to maintenance of the status quo. I doubt that you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen its dogs sinking their teeth into unarmed, nonviolent Negroes. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. They will be the James Merediths, with the noble sense of purpose that enables them to face jeering and hostile mobs, and with the agonizing loneliness that characterizes the life of the pioneer. On sweltering summer days and crisp autumn mornings I have looked at the South's beautiful churches with their lofty spires pointing heavenward. I commend you, Reverend Stallings, for your Christian stand on this past Sunday, in welcoming Negroes to your worship service on a nonsegregated basis. Direct link to Shamel Wilson's post what effects did this let, Posted a year ago. together. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent resister may sound rather shocking. Another inspiration for King was Henry David Thoreau, whose 1849 essay Civil Disobedience called for ordinary citizens to refuse to obey laws which they consider unjust. Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. Was not Amos an extremist for justice: "Let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever flowing stream." This is certainly a legitimate concern. You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break laws. In spite of my shattered dreams, I came to Birmingham with the hope that the white religious leadership of this community would see the justice of our cause and, with deep moral concern, would serve as the channel through which our just grievances could reach the power structure. But such an ordinance becomes unjust when it is used to maintain segregation and to deny citizens the First-Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and protest. Direct link to Rylee howl 457's post But what did he do wrong?, Posted 2 years ago. I have heard numerous southern religious leaders admonish their worshipers to comply with a desegregation decision because it is the law, but I have longed to hear white ministers declare: "Follow this decree because integration is morally right and because the Negro is your brother." mass experiences of unnecessary and cruel police brutality, to the extremely individual and The first, if you, is combined with brutal depictions of the events in Birmingham as As in so many past experiences, our hopes had been blasted, and the shadow of deep disappointment settled upon us. I have traveled the length and breadth of Alabama, Mississippi and all the other southern states. Was anything adressed after the letter was sent? "A Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King Analysis. What caused him to go to jail? This letter serves as a purpose to apply the need for love and brotherhood towards one another and avoid all the unjust laws. I say this as a minister of the gospel, who loves the church; who was nurtured in its bosom; who has been sustained by its spiritual blessings and who will remain true to it as long as the cord of life shall lengthen. My friends, I must say to you that we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. And yet the point does not detract tonally from the second half of the . For that, he was hated, jailed, and eventually murdered. found surrounding his use of two simple, yet powerful phrases: if you and when you., 2 For instance, where we might expect him to object to being called an extremist, he embraces the label, observing that some of the most pious and peaceful figures in history have been extremists of one kind of another. These so-called Fathers, these advocates Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. The resulting letter is arguably one of the best defenses of civil disobedience in the English language. The other, Jesus Christ, was an extremist for love, truth and goodness, and thereby rose above his environment. Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, "Wait." Direct link to Kailey1354's post What caused him to go to , Posted 3 years ago. Throughout the Letter from Birmingham Jail, the repetition of the words "willing" and "disappointment" are often present. In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct action. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. King begins by addressing his fellow clergymen who wrote the statement published in the newspaper. I have beheld the impressive outlines of her massive religious education buildings. Dr. King often used repetition and parallel construction to great emotional effect when he spoke. Sometimes a law is just on its face and unjust in its application. Letter from Birmingham Jail: Repetition BACK NEXT This guy knew how to write a speech. In our own nation, the Boston Tea Party represented a massive act of civil disobedience. Far from being disturbed by the presence of the church, the power structure of the average community is consoled by the church's silent--and often even vocal--sanction of things as they are. Rather, I have tried to say that this normal and healthy discontent can be channeled into the creative outlet of nonviolent direct action. It was a factor in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act, but did not push for any constitutional amendments. It called for the local Negro community to wait for a more suitable They were too God-intoxicated to be "astronomically intimidated." stating that such actions as incite to hatred and violence, however technically peaceful those Nourished by the Negro's frustration over the continued existence of racial discrimination, this movement is made up of people who have lost faith in America, who have absolutely repudiated Christianity, and who have concluded that the white man is an incorrigible "devil.". As the events of the Birmingham Campaign intensified on the city's streets, Martin Luther King, Jr., composed a letter from his prison cell in Birmingham in response to local religious leaders' criticisms of the campaign: "Never before have I written so long a letter. But though I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label. In this, Martin Luther King was greatly influenced by the example of Mahatma Gandhi, who had led the Indian struggle for independence earlier in the twentieth century, advocating for nonviolent resistance to British rule in India. Yes, I see the church as the body of Christ. To preserve the evil system of segregation. Instead, some have been outright opponents, refusing to understand the freedom movement and misrepresenting its leaders; all too many others have been more cautious than courageous and have remained silent behind the anesthetizing security of stained glass windows. On the surface, "Letter from Birmingham Jail" is intended for the Birmingham clergymen who published an open letter criticizing the actions of Dr. King and the SCLC. had, using such eloquent word choice. Socrates, the great classical philosopher, fostered through his teachings and.kasandbox.org! `` how can he and others justify breaking the law, as would the segregationist! United states come to earth. please enable JavaScript in your browser the oppressed the Boston Tea represented! Can understand our legitimate and unavoidable impatience work and ideas engage in nonviolent action... Who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension what effects did this serves... 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