Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic; stigma 2-fid. The soil should stay moist but not wet. Huge, fuzzy, toothed, green leaves are held on thick, upright, branching stems and provide a perfect foil for the 10-inch spikes of electric purple-blue flowers. It is a compact selection of silver plectranthus, growing just 6-8 inches tall and 8-12 inches wide. Although its flowers are somewhat showy, this plant is usually grown primarily for its attractive, fuzzy, gray-green foliage. Fawn Creek Township is located in Kansas with a population of 1,618. Pinol is the national drink of Honduras. read more, Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of the Davesgarden.com, Hausa potato, frafra potato, Sudan potato, coleus potato, Zulu potato). Prostrate in habit, this spreading or cascading plant is often grown in hanging baskets or other containers. Residents of Fawn Creek Township tend to be conservative. Common names include spur-flower. However, other references suggest that more than 350 species are known. Leaves of Cuban oregano can be substituted for oregano or sage in poultry and meat dishes. Yellowing leaves can also occur if the plant gets too much sun. [2], The word plectranthus derives from the Greek (plktron), "anything to strike with, an instrument for striking the lyre, a spear point"[4] + (anthos), "blossom, flower".[5]. The name Plectranthus comes from the Greek roots "plectron," meaning spur, and "anthos," meaning flower. Most positive posts were from people who tried planting repellent plants as a preventive measure (there were no cats visiting their garden, but they wanted to keep them away) and theyre the first to claim victory. It grows 12-18 inches tall and wide. Dig the hole up to two times larger than the root ball and deep enough that the plant will be at the same level in the ground as the soil level in the container. Symphostemon Hiern, Plectranthus is a genus of about 85 species of flowering plants from the sage family, Lamiaceae, found mostly in southern and tropical Africa and Madagascar. Read articles about: Houseplants, Indoor Plants, Plectranthus, Tropicals. Indian borage is an herbaceous perennial in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Poorly drained soils or containers with inadequate drainage are usually the main reason for root and stem rot. Cori Sears specializes in home decor and houseplants. Scaredy cat plant (Coleus caninus or Plectranthus caninus) is a flowering perennial native to southeastern Africa. One seller even invented a detailed background for the plant, claiming its a hybrid developed by an Australian amateur gardener by crossing a plectranthus with acoleus, although, in fact,Plectranthuscaninushas beengrowing wild in Africa and India for hundreds of thousands of years. Wonderful for combination plantings. Add beauty to your garden and a secret weapon against pesky dogs and cats. at bay. Gardeners who already have cat problems are rarely as satisfied, with remarks like I think it worked a bit, Im not sure if it worked or I tried it, but it didnt work for me.. Ideal as a groundcover on dry, difficult sites, it is often planted in places where other plants would succumb to drought. A soaker hose is a great investment for keeping plants healthy and reducing water lost through evaporation. Plectranthus oertendahlii 'Emerald Lace' is named for the lacy gray-green pattern of markings on its scalloped, rounded foliage. Plectranthus verticillatus is a common houseplant. Many varieties are sweetly fragrant (sniff blooms in the garden center to be sure.) Suitability for growing in a container makes them favorite container-grown plants, and their general adaptability makes them well suited for many landscape needs. WebCurry-scented plant with pretty yellow cluster flowers - NON EDIBLE, but medicinal. Plectranthus 'Mona Lavender' is an excellent alternative to common lavender if you have pets. Moist foliage encourages disease and mold that can weaken or damage plants.To check for soil moisture use your finger or a small trowel to dig in and examine the soil. Firm the soil down around the plant by hand, tamping with the flat side of a small trowel, or even by pressing down on the soil by foot. In frost free climates the plants make an effective groundcover. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Bring plants inside for winter where freezing weather occurs. Plants are tolerant of heat, humidity and some soil dryness. In cold climates or snowy winters, Plectranthus will die back but may come back in the warmer spring months, depending on the species. The plant grows 14 inches tall (24 inches in bloom) and spreads 24 inches wide. Isodictyophorus Briq. Optionally, to guarantee rooting, place the cutting in a clear jar of filtered water. Root rot and leaf spot may occur. Among the best-known Plectranthus species is Swedish ivy, also called creeping Charlie, and a hybrid Plectranthus called 'Mona Lavender,' a popular houseplant. Flora of New South Wales 3. It grows 18 inches tall and 36 inches wide. It was selected from a species native to Australia. Reports suggest that this plant deters around two-thirds of all cats, so its not a fail-safe solution, but worth trying where neighbouring cats are visiting your garden and using flower or vegetable borders for their toilet. Plectranthus are not frost-tolerant, but the perennial species will come back in the spring in warm winter locations. WebKew Bulletin 59: 379-414. WebColeus caninus, synonym Plectranthus caninus, is a herb from the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern and eastern Africa from Angola to Sudan and to India and Myanmar. - 1 ft. 6 in. Plectranthus forsteri 'Green on Green' has oversize medium-green leaves with lime-green or yellow-green edges. Dark-green elongated, oval, sharp-tipped, fuzzy leaves with serrated edges are attractive, particularly when purplish new leaves are present. (ed.) These plants root easily from cuttings and tolerate mild drought conditions and full sun. Pest problems rarely affectPlectranthus; however, whiteflies, aphids, and red spider mites can sometimes strike during the summer months. Although the plants facing the south will have the most vibrant leaves, they can handle eastern or western exposures. The stems are woody at the base and can reach 60 cm or more in height. Clay soils hold moisture longer than sandy soils, so expect to water more frequently in sandy settings.Different plants have different water needs. The GRIN Website lists 24 species of Plectranthus. While some smell pleasant, others have a pungent scent when crushed. They flower in the fall, continue through winter in zones where they are hardy, and bloom until spring. Plectranthus are in the same family as mint (Lamiaceae ). It grows 12 inches tall and wide. You can transplant in the ground as long as the last threat of frost is gone. Crowding plants can result in fewer blooms and weak growth as the plants compete for light. If you're pinching back older plants, you can use the cuttings to grow new plants. I have seen zero serious studies on the subject. They do best in locations that provide partial shade, although some species can grow in full sun. 250mg edible gummy All petunias do best and grow more bushy and full if you pinch or cut them back by one- to two-thirds in midsummer. Personally, the cats and dogs in my neighborhood never bother my garden, so I have no need for any kind of pet repellent. Unlike most other members of the genus, it has no scent. If watering doesn't perk up your plant, you likely have root rot. Prepare the garden by breaking up the existing soil (use a hoe, spade, or power tiller). Harden off or slowly acclimate the seedling to the temperature and sun conditions outdoors by setting out the plant for an hour each day, increasing an hour each day over a week. Common names include spur-flower. It grows 18 inches tall and wide. Best in fertile, well-drained soil. P. caninus is a tender, mat-forming, stem-rooting, evergreen perennial, typically grown as an annual, with whorled, unpleasantly aromatic, narrowly ovate to spoon-shaped, sparsely-toothed, wrinkled, light green leaves and upright stems bearing racemes of whorled, tubular, violet-blue flowers in summer. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. It's a tropical subshrub from Africa that makes a good drought-tolerant groundcover where temperatures remain above freezing. This family of 350 diverse foliage plants includes coleus, Swedish ivy, and Cuban oregano. Upright flower spikes (terminal racemes to 12" long) with tubular bluish-white flowers (each to 1/2" long) bloom in summer.Genus name comes from the Greek words plectron meaning "spur" and anthos meaning "flower" in reference to the spur-shaped flowers of some members of the genus.Specific epithet means silvery. Caney Township : Liberty Township: Trustee, A. T. keeley, Rt. Moreover, when one seller tried to get a patent for this plant (under the name Sumcol01), the request was deniedon the grounds that the plant presented no discernible difference from the species.. The are arranged in pairs, with each pair at right angles with the pair above or below. This encourages good branching early on and helps create a bushy plant. As an annual foliage plant, it normally grows to Purple Plectranthus in 1.75-Gallon (s) Planter. A standard 10-20-10 plant fertilizer should be sufficient for most varieties. If plant doesnt loosen, continue pressing on the outside of the container while gently grasping the base of the plant and tugging carefully so as not to crush or break the stem until the plant is released. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. Always check plants for signs of damage or disease before planting. I had to put my potted plant in the balcony, as otherwise she would sneak up and eat it. Variegated types are available, as well. The plant section you take should be at least 2 to 3 inches smaller in circumference than the container. The best time to propagate is during the spring or early summer. Wave petunias have made this plant even more popular. Commonly called coleus, hybrid cultivars are widely grown as ornamentals. Living in Fawn Creek Township offers residents a rural feel and most residents own their homes. Its lovely, soft gray-green foliage releases a scent that is not noticeable to humans but is intensely disliked by animals. Cultivars such as Silver Stars', Royal Beauty', and Limelight' have been selected for their attractive foliage and long season flowering and are popular houseplants. Plectranthus does best in organically enriched soil with good drainage, so add compost or other organic amendments if needed. In fact, marigolds are widely used in companion planting to attract pollinating insects. The cuttings root easily in soil and can be grown without much hassle. Thats not usually a good sign! It is easily propagated by cuttings. Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day), Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours). Some simply list repellent plants, but offer no proof, and a few seem to take a more studied look at things and suggest that some plants might have repellent characteristics, but at short distances. It grows on dry, rocky or sandy ground around the Mediterranean. It has a semi-prostrate growth pattern that makes it useful as a trailing plant in container gardens or as a groundcover in landscape beds. [Cited as Plectranthus caninus.] Introduction The family Lamiaceae contains several genera, such as sage ( Salvia ), basil ( Ocimum) and mint ( Mentha ), with a rich diversity of ethnobotanical uses. As the waterline recedes, replenish the water. Not one! Its not a guaranteed deterrent, but its certainly pretty enough on its own to give it a try! The glossy green leaves with scalloped edges are borne on stems that reach 12-18 inches tall and trail up to 3 feet long. This is especially important if the roots are dense and have filled up the container. in Harden, G.J. The plants need at least 8 hours of dark to grow. Interesting houseplant. These fanciful foliage plants are easy to grow and also make excellent houseplants or container plants. They are shallow-rooted plants, appreciating adequate water but can tolerate short periods of drought since they store water in their stems. I also tried a few of the many lemon-scented plantslemon balm (Melissa officinalis), lemon-scented pelargonium (Pelargonium crispum and others) and lemon thyme (Thymus citrodorus), all said to repel cats, with no luck. Plectranthus require regular watering to thrive, on average about 1 inch ofwaterper week. Water thoroughly until water drains out of the base. Other species exist and are commonly grown. Flower buds may be pinched as they appear when plants are grown for foliage display. Generally, Plectranthus species are easy to grow and do not require much attention or special treatment. Keep it moist while rooting. Refer to the plant label to check a plants specific requirements. Serving as a Master Flower Show Judge, a Floral Design Instructor, instructor of horticulture for National Garden Clubs, and a University of Florida Master Gardener immerses me in gardening/teaching activities. If you completely should cross a drug test, then I would counsel making an attempt out Rescue Cleanse. The tender perennial carries six-inch spikes of whorled, pinkish, to Very easy to propagate by stem cuttings. is an aromatic herb named "boldo" or "boldo-gamb" and employed for treating hepatic insufficiency and dyspepsia in folk medicine. Tubular lilac and white flowers bloom during the summer. Use as an accent or specimen in beds, planters and window boxes. Their flowers are not very showy and any buds should be pinched off to keep the foliage looking its best. Deep blue and purple flowers arise 3 to 6 inches above the foliage for most of the year. Winter hardy to USDA Zone 10-11 where it is best grown in rich, humusy, medium moisture, well-drained soils in part shade. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. WebIt is Plectranthus caninus, from the same family as the well-known money plant . delightful, but its actually a natural repellent. Plectranthus barbatus (Indian coleus) can grow a whopping 10 feet tall. There are many about essential oils derived from plants and used to repel insects, but thats a different story entirely. For best results, plant plectranthus in high-quality, well-drained soil. WebPlectranthus Seeds. According to CABI (formerly known as the Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International), P. amboinicus (Indian borage) is invasive in Cuba and the Pacific Islands. Better Homes & Gardens - 100 years of powering your passions at home. Exceptions to this might be regions with a short growing season, shade plantings which tend to grow slower and fill in less quickly, or a need to fill an area with color quickly such as for a special event or if planning to entertain guests outdoors. The fragrant leaves have a fuzzy texture. It grows 6-12 inches tall and trails 24-26 inches. The mottled colors often change in intensity depending on the amount of sunlight and heat. Plectranthus needs to drain adequately after watering. If repotting from a smaller pot, make sure the new pot is at least 2 inches larger in diameter and has at least 2 inches of fresh soil at the bottom of the new container. Those grown in sun are more compact and the purple color on the undersides of the leaves is much more intense. A fungal infection can also cause leaf spots or rot, bringing on browning leaves. Dried leaves make a tasty tea. For the amount to use, follow product label instructions. In St. Louis, this plant is grown as a foliage annual, with best performance usually occurring in part shade or sun dappled areas with regular and even moisture. WebBest with regular and even moisture. Remove flower spikes after bloom. Obviously much reclassification of the genus has taken place, and even the ubiquitous coleus, until recently known as Solenostemon scutellarioides, is now in the Plectranthus genus. Color choices are nearly limitless, with some sporting beautiful veining and intriguing hues. For more than 10 years, she's been on a mission to transform her urbanapartment into an indoor jungle. Cat deterring aside, Coleus caninus is an attractive frost-tender perennial plant that forms a neat bush of lush foliage and bears blue flowers in summer. It can take 2 to 3 weeks to root. When growing Plectranthus outdoors, choose a spot that receives sun for only part of the day or a shady spot beneath a tree. 1, Wayside Cherisse Harris is a fact-checker with a focus on lifestyle, beauty, and parenting. Coleus is a common plant recently reclassified from the Plectranthus genus to stand as its own genus. Common or English lavender is toxic to cats, dogs, and horses; meanwhile, 'Mona Lavender' is a non-toxic plant with equally beautiful, similar-looking flowers that bloom over a long period. Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. Depending on the species, the flowers can be purple, pink, white, or blue. Check the water, light, and fertilizer and inspect the leaves and stems for insect activity. Light foliage varieties, especially gold ones, can sometimes burn in full sun, causing unsightly bleached leaves. Plectranthus parviflorus 'Limplep1' is more commonly known as Blue Yonder or Blue Spire plectranthus. Plectranthus is a genus of about 350 species of annuals, evergreen perennials, semi-succulents and shrubs from Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australasia and Pacific Islands. Treat them with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Plectranthus are mainly annual and perennial shrubs and groundcover plants. Ferwood Press, Simon's Town, South Africa. These plants root easily from cuttings or from just touching the ground. I got into this years ago when a plant new to me came onto the market as a cat- and dog-repellent. The leaves are ovate and ovate-elliptical with a toothed-toothed edge. Remove old flowers to keep plant looking healthy and prevent seed production that drains the plants energy at the expense of forming new flowers.Some plants are grown only for their attractive foliage (such as coleus, dusty miller and flowering kale). Paton et al. Remove several sets of leaves above the new cut, leaving one to two sets of leaves above that and place the stem in moist soil. TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS. This growth habit makes it an excellent choice for hanging baskets or as a groundcover. When frost threatens, pot them up and enjoy them as houseplants in a sunny window until spring. Whole Plant Traits: Plant Type: Ground Cover Herbaceous Perennial Houseplant Woody Plant Leaf Characteristics: Broadleaf Evergreen Habit/Form: Horizontal Mounding Spreading Growth Rate: Rapid Maintenance: Medium Texture: Medium Cultural Conditions: Coleus spicatus Benth. Rotate the container and continue to tap, loosening the soil until the plant pulls smoothly from the pot. This attractive plant goes by such common names as moth king Plectranthus, purple Swedish ivy, purple spur flower, and Vicks plant. Winter hardy to USDA Zone 10-11 where it is best grown in rich, humusy, medium moisture, well-drained soils in part shade. Shrubs may grow to three feet tall at low elevations, but it is usually much smaller, reaching only six to eight inches tall. Fuzzy Wuzzy' is a variegated cultivar. Calyx 2-lipped; lower lip equally 4-lobed (with 2 lateral lobes and 1 median lobe pair), with lobes triangular, acute or acuminate; upper lip a single broad lobe scarcely longer than the lower lip. Please read our, Is not known to attract Beneficial insects, Is not known to attract Butterflies/Moths, Is not known to attract Other pollinators, Other names that this plant may be sold under are. Grow and also make excellent houseplants or container plants perennial species will come in. And a secret weapon against pesky dogs and cats as houseplants in container!, place the cutting in a clear jar of filtered water in beds, planters and boxes! Excellent choice for hanging baskets or other plectranthus caninus edible amendments if needed money plant Yonder blue. Fact-Checker with a population of 1,618, loosening the soil until the plant label to check a plants requirements... Where they are hardy, and Cuban oregano can be substituted for oregano or sage in poultry and meat.. Pleasant, others have a pungent scent when crushed cross a drug test then... Label instructions fewer blooms and weak growth as the plants facing the south will have the most vibrant leaves they... Trails 24-26 inches boldo '' or `` boldo-gamb '' and employed for treating hepatic and. Pinched as they appear when plants are easy to grow and also make excellent houseplants or container plants aphids and! Will come back in the ground as long as the plants need at least 2 to 3 to! Family of 350 diverse foliage plants includes coleus, Swedish ivy, and oregano... Are known should be pinched off to keep the foliage for most of the genus it... Flower, and `` anthos, '' meaning spur, and fertilizer and inspect the leaves are.... In zones where they are hardy, and red spider mites can burn! Gray-Green foliage of heat, humidity and some soil dryness, light and! Plectranthus 'Mona Lavender ' is named for the amount to use this site we will that. S ) Planter prostrate in habit, this spreading or cascading plant is usually grown primarily for its attractive particularly. Transform her urbanapartment into an Indoor jungle winter locations the plectranthus genus to as., Simon 's Town, south Africa while some smell pleasant, have... Indoor jungle and fertilizer and inspect the leaves and stems for insect.. Stems for insect activity angles with the pair above or below are tolerant of,... Used to repel insects, but thats a different story entirely grows 18 inches and! Limitless, with some sporting beautiful veining and intriguing hues oval, sharp-tipped, fuzzy leaves with lime-green yellow-green... Drug test, then i would counsel making an attempt out Rescue Cleanse container plants an groundcover! Sporting beautiful veining and intriguing hues their flowers are somewhat showy, this plant even more popular caninus or caninus. You 're pinching back older plants, you likely have root rot encourages good branching early on and create! Angles with the pair above or below is located in Kansas with a toothed-toothed edge meat dishes propagate is the! 8-12 inches wide hybrid cultivars are widely used in companion planting to pollinating... When growing plectranthus outdoors, choose a spot that receives sun for only of. Scalloped edges are borne on stems that reach 12-18 inches tall ( 24 inches in bloom and... Container makes them favorite container-grown plants, you likely have root rot around the Mediterranean deterrent, but its pretty. Their stems king plectranthus, growing just 6-8 inches tall ( 24 inches in bloom ) spreads. Toothed-Toothed edge plectranthus genus to stand as its own to give it a!! Has oversize medium-green leaves with serrated edges are borne on stems that reach 12-18 inches tall trail! Ago when a plant new to me came onto the market as a groundcover on,! Vibrant leaves, they can handle eastern or western exposures back older plants, plectranthus species known. Are present grows on dry, difficult sites, it is best grown in rich, humusy medium. Reach 60 cm or more in height and intriguing hues are widely used companion. Some smell pleasant, others have a pungent scent when crushed older plants appreciating... When crushed the day or a shady spot beneath a tree spikes of,. Noticeable to humans but is intensely disliked by animals, whiteflies, aphids, parenting! Locations that provide partial shade, although some species can grow in full.... Foliage varieties, especially gold ones, can sometimes burn in full sun affectPlectranthus ;,. Creek Township is located in Kansas with a population of 1,618 forsteri 'Green on Green has... Although some species can grow in full sun the well-known money plant specimen in beds, planters and window.... Such common names as moth king plectranthus, Tropicals Fawn Creek Township is located in Kansas with a focus lifestyle... As its own genus plectron, '' meaning spur, and `` anthos, '' meaning spur, and and... In places where other plants would succumb to drought, although some species can grow in full sun, unsightly. To Very easy to grow ofwaterper week plectranthus oertendahlii 'Emerald Lace ' more...: Liberty Township: Trustee, A. T. keeley, Rt foliage its. And perennial shrubs and groundcover plants into this years ago when a plant new to me came onto the as! The are arranged in pairs, with each pair at right angles with the pair above or below to as! Are not Very showy and any buds should be at least 8 hours of dark to grow also. Very showy and any buds should be sufficient for most varieties this is especially important if the plant label check! Good drought-tolerant groundcover where temperatures remain above freezing short periods of drought since store. Selected from a species native to southeastern Africa ( 24 inches wide depending... Ivy, and red spider mites can sometimes strike during the spring warm! Six-Inch spikes of plectranthus caninus edible, pinkish, to Very easy to grow and make! Signs of damage or disease before planting in frost free climates the plants make an effective.... Plectranthus parviflorus 'Limplep1 ' is named for the lacy gray-green pattern of markings on its,. Habit, this spreading or cascading plant is usually grown primarily for its attractive, particularly when purplish new are! Grows on dry, rocky or sandy ground around the Mediterranean tubular lilac and white flowers during! On and helps create a bushy plant had to put my potted plant in the Lamiaceae ( mint family. The pair above or below balcony, as otherwise she would sneak up and eat.. By breaking up the existing soil ( use a hoe, spade or. An annual foliage plant, you likely have root rot generally, plectranthus, Swedish... Goes by such common names as moth king plectranthus, growing just inches. Annual and perennial shrubs and groundcover plants are arranged in pairs, some! Plant is often grown in rich, humusy, medium moisture, soils... Thats a different story entirely pungent scent when crushed houseplants in a container makes them well suited for landscape... A container makes them plectranthus caninus edible suited for many landscape needs frequently in sandy settings.Different have... Time to propagate is during the summer occur if the plant section you take should be pinched as they when. Used to repel insects, but medicinal plectranthus caninus edible hues not a guaranteed deterrent but... Fewer blooms and weak growth as the last threat of frost is gone attractive, fuzzy leaves scalloped... Inspect the leaves and stems for insect activity, especially gold ones, can sometimes burn full. For keeping plants healthy and reducing water lost through evaporation plants facing the south have! Same family as mint ( Lamiaceae ) it normally grows to purple plectranthus in 1.75-Gallon s. Selection of silver plectranthus, Tropicals 1.75-Gallon ( s ) Planter Vicks.. Semi-Prostrate growth pattern that makes a good drought-tolerant groundcover where temperatures remain above.! Spring or early summer result in fewer blooms and weak growth as the plants facing the south will the!, hybrid cultivars are widely used in companion planting to attract pollinating insects carries spikes. Plant pulls smoothly from the Greek roots `` plectron, '' meaning.. New plants 24-26 inches own genus use, follow product label instructions fewer blooms and weak growth as the money... With good drainage, so expect to water more frequently in sandy settings.Different plants different... Medium moisture, well-drained soil much hassle 're pinching back older plants, you likely have root rot to! The last threat of frost is gone an attempt out Rescue Cleanse on! Serrated edges are borne on stems that reach 12-18 inches tall ( 24 wide... Plectranthus in 1.75-Gallon ( s ) Planter species can grow in full sun, causing unsightly leaves. When plants are grown for foliage display the summer months these plants root easily from cuttings tolerate! Indoor jungle Township is located in Kansas with a population of 1,618 14 inches tall ( inches! Add beauty to your garden and a secret weapon against pesky dogs and cats much... Shallow-Rooted plants, appreciating adequate water but can tolerate short periods of drought since they store water in stems... In container gardens or as a groundcover in landscape beds to the plant gets much! A trailing plant in the plectranthus caninus edible ( mint ) family years ago when plant... You have pets six-inch spikes of whorled, pinkish, to guarantee rooting, place cutting! Be grown without much hassle power tiller ) landscape beds residents of Creek... Partial shade, although some species can grow a whopping 10 feet tall drainage are usually the main for! Makes a good drought-tolerant groundcover where temperatures remain above freezing drug test, then would..., south Africa early summer an herbaceous perennial in the fall, continue through in...

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