br2 boiling point kelvinbr2 boiling point kelvin

The Voice for Real Estate in St. Charles County All of these diatomic elements are nonpolar, covalently bonded molecules. This comes about because of two main factors: the high hydration energy and the low atomization energy. 'x' gm of a compound A3B2C5 contains 'y' gm of A atoms Using above information Match the following Answer & Earn Cool Goodies. Cl2 has lowest boiling point. Using this information, sketch a phase diagram for bromine indicating the points described above. In general, odd numbered groups (like group 17) form odd-numbered oxidation states and this can be explained since all stable molecules contain paired electrons (free radicals are obviously much more reactive). N2(g) + 2O2(g) + 11.1 kJ rightarrow N2O4(g) 2. Both ionic and covalent bromides are known for metals in oxidation state +3 (e.g. NH 3 has hydrogen bonding that is stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in PH 3. 1. Hydrogen bonding and boiling point worksheet Name and surname: _____E: _____cod of the student: _____ Try to answer questions without access to the Internet. Section 1: Properties of Bromine 1.1 | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1.2 | CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 1.3 | VAPOUR PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE " BROMI 1.4 | MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 1.1 | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Reference Source:- Kirk Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology 3rd Edition 1978 (Except where otherwise stated). Knowledge points and contents about chemical melting point chemical melting point summary of the laws of material melting and boiling point the melting point is. A few other bromine cations are known, namely the brown Br+3 and dark brown Br+5. (ii) It sublimes at 1800C and forms monomer if heated to 4000C. [51], Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance, and make up the largest commercial use of bromine. When two molecules are close together, the instantaneous dipole of one molecule can induce a dipole in the second molecule. Determine Delta Gvap at the normal boiling point and at 17 degrees Celsius. NH 3 has hydrogen bonding that is weaker than the dipole-dipole forces in PH 3. equation. Bromides in the form of simple salts are still used as anticonvulsants in both veterinary and human medicine, although the latter use varies from country to country. [30], Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary bromides. [50], A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry. In other words, when temperature becomes {eq}100{\,^o}C Help. q1 will be equal to m c k. The gift of water would be equal to 3.5 and a.14 joule during the time it took to digest it. Delta Svap = 84.239. Name Weight Number Boiling Point Melting Point; Hydrogen: 1.00794: 1: 20.28 Kelvin: 13.81 Kelvin: Helium: 4.0026: 2: 4.216 Kelvin: 0.95 Kelvin: Lithium: 6.941: 3: . What is the boiling point of this compound? The boiling point of propane is 42.1 C, the boiling point of dimethylether is 24.8 C, and the boiling point of ethanol is 78.5 C. Predict the melting and boiling points for methylamine (CH 3 NH 2). Given that for the vaporization of benzene Delta H_{vap} = 30.7 kJ/mol and DeltaS_{vap} = 87.0 J/(K . This results in synchronized motion of the electrons and an attraction between them. For many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost. Poisonous bromomethane was widely used as pesticide to fumigate soil and to fumigate housing, by the tenting method. It thus cannot be obtained pure. CH_3OH (I) \leftrightarrow CH_3OH(g) \Delta H degree = 38.0 kJ and \Delta S. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy of vaporization, Delta G^{circ} _{vap}, at 25.0 degrees C. A reaction has Delta H^0 rxn = -112 KJ and Delta S^0 rxn = 354 J/K. The boiling point of water is 100oC 100 o C. In other words, when. This has Stoner )mf3 provides evidence that, under these conditions, the (A forces among Br2 molecules ar reate han those among C12 molecules (B) forces among Br2 molecules are weaker than the Br-Br bond It is the forty-sixth most abundant element in Earth's crust. Then the boiling point of the solution that is formed. What is the justification for using this metho. Sodium chloride / s o d i m k l r a d /, commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. 25 kJ/mol c. 100 kJ/mol d. -50 kJ/mol, At 25 degrees C, the following heats of reaction are known 2C_2H_2(g)+5O_2(g) to 4CO_2(g) + 2H_2O(l) Delta H = 2,600 kJ C(s) + O_2(g) to CO_2(g) Delta H =-394 kJ 2H_2(g) + O_2(g) to 2H_2O(l) Delta H =-572 kJ At the same temperature, calculate Delt, Use the following reaction enthalpies to determine the reaction enthalpy for 2 HCl(g) + F2(g) --> 2 HF(g) + Cl2(g). What is the standard change in entropy for vaporization of chloroform at its no, Given the molar enthalpy of combustion for methanol, CH_3OH(l) to CO_2(g) and H_2O(l) is -726.6 kJ and the following list of data: C(graphite) + 1/2O_2(g) to CO(g) Delta H degrees = -110.5 kJ C(graphite) + O_2(g) to CO_2(g) Delta H degrees = -393.5 kJ H_2, From the enthalpies of reaction: H_2(g) + F_2(g) \rightarrow 2HF(g) \ \ \Delta H = -537 kJ C(s) + 2 F_2(g) \rightarrow CF_4(g) \ \ \Delta H = -680 kJ 2 C(s) + 2 H_2(g) \rightarrow C_2H_4(g). For the vaporization of bromine, Br2 (l) → Br2 (g). Explain your reasoning. Q. In a study of the reaction of dibromine with substituted phosphines in diethyl ether, all but one showed a tetrahedral arrangement where one bromine was linked to the phosphorus. (C) -3.5 kJ/m, Above what temperature does the following reaction become nonspontaneous? While significant and sometimes serious disturbances occur to neurologic, psychiatric, dermatological, and gastrointestinal functions, death from bromism is rare. (R=8.31 J/(KxMol)) New York, NY. Bromic acid is a strong acid. The reaction Br2(l) \to Br2(g) has \Delta H = 30.91 kJ/mol and \Delta S = 93.3 J/mol K. Use this information to show (within close agreement) that the boiling point of bromine is 332 K. For the equation 2H_2 (g) + O_2 (g) to 2H_2O (g) Delta H (25 degrees C) = -241.8 kJ and Delta G (25 degrees C) = -228.61 kJ. 24 Points. Ask an Expert. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. See Section 5 to review how to determine if a molecule is polar. The amount of energy required for excitation depends upon the size of the atom. Express your answer using one significant figure. Bromine atoms may also react directly with other radicals to help terminate the free radical chain-reactions that characterise combustion. The X-ray study of the triethylphosphine was interpreted as [Et3PBr]Br where the Br-Br separation was 330 pm. [52][53], To make brominated polymers and plastics, bromine-containing compounds can be incorporated into the polymer during polymerisation. Most substances can occur in the gas, liquid or constant phase in appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. [64] Nevertheless, no clear deprivation symptoms or syndromes have been documented. Answer the questions and relate the intermolecular forces present among the species to explain the different properties exhibited by the substances. delta Hvap for the liquid is 30.7 kJ mol^-1 at 80 degree C. 1. Legal. a) 80 degrees C. Using the heats of vaporization for H_2O \Delta H_{vap} at 25^{\circ}C = 44.02 kJ/mol, \Delta H_{vap} at 100^{\circ}C = 40.67 kJ/mol. The boiling point of acetone is 56.1 degrees C, and the enthalpy change for the conversion of liquid to vapor is Delta H_{vap} = 28.51 kJ/mol. 10 years ago. They can oxidize hydrogen and nonmetals such as: \[X_2 + H_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2HX_{(g)} \label{6}\]. The hypobromite ions thus formed disproportionate readily to give bromide and bromate:[36], Bromous acids and bromites are very unstable, although the strontium and barium bromites are known. At 365.6 C (690.1 F), it can be transformed into a gas ("boiled"). If delta H = -60.0 kJ and delta S = -0.500 kJ/K , the reaction is spontaneous below a certain temperature. -1.7 J/K c. 98 J/K d. -590 J/K. Before the Montreal protocol in 1991 (for example) an estimated 35,000 tonnes of the chemical were used to control nematodes, fungi, weeds and other soil-borne diseases. For example, the boiling point of Helium is quite low. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve bromide for the treatment of any disease, and it was removed from over-the-counter sedative products like Bromo-Seltzer, in 1975. [30], Unlike hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous liquid hydrogen bromide is difficult to work with as a solvent, because its boiling point is low, it has a small liquid range, its dielectric constant is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H2Br+ and HBr2 ions the latter, in any case, are much less stable than the bifluoride ions (HF2) due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and bromine, though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as Cs+ and NR+4 (R = Me, Et, Bun) may still be isolated. Calculate the normal boiling point of this compound in Celcius. Refractory oxides tend to be only partially fluorinated, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain reactive. Find delta E, delta H, q, and w for the change in state of 1.0 mol H_2O (l) at 81 degrees Celsius to H_2O (g) at 112 degrees Celsius. Benzene has a measured enthalpy of vaporization(delta Hvap) = 30.77 kJ/mol and entropy of vaporization(delta Svap) = 87.1 J/K mol. Dibromine monoxide is a dark-brown solid which, while reasonably stable at 60C, decomposes at its melting point of 17.5C; it is useful in bromination reactions[37] and may be made from the low-temperature decomposition of bromine dioxide in a vacuum. Boiling Point Melting Point Abundant State at STP Discovery Year. Assuming that H and S are invariant with temperature, what is the boiling point of Br2 (l)? b. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. About Us; Products. (B) 0 kJ/mol. Each of the halogens is able to oxidize any of the heavier halogens situated below it in the group. 3) Multiply this effect over numerous molecules and the overall result is that the attraction keeps these molecules together, and for diiodine is sufficient to make this a solid. [43], An old qualitative test for the presence of the alkene functional group is that alkenes turn brown aqueous bromine solutions colourless, forming a bromohydrin with some of the dibromoalkane also produced. The ease with which the electron cloud of an atom can be distorted to become asymmetric is termed the molecule's polarizability. Express your a. Bromine forms a monofluoride and monochloride, as well as a trifluoride and pentafluoride. The remaining hydrogen halides are gaseous and their boiling points depend on the van der waal's forces. For more information: https://materials.gelsonluz.com/2019/07/boiling-point.html Boiling Point of Br2 References The heat capacity of H_2O (l) = 75.3 J/mol-K, heat capacity of H_2O (g) = 25.0 J/mol-K, and the heat of vaporization of H, 1. [50] Zincbromine batteries are hybrid flow batteries used for stationary electrical power backup and storage; from household scale to industrial scale. They include bromochloromethane (Halon 1011, CH2BrCl), bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211, CBrClF2), and bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301, CBrF3). Nevertheless, mammals, including humans, cats, and rats, appear to biosynthesize traces of an -bromoester, 2-octyl 4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate, which is found in their cerebrospinal fluid and appears to play a yet unclarified role in inducing REM sleep. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of acetamide given the following data table. On the other hand, iodine needs significantly less excitation energy and absorbs yellow light of low energy. At what temperature does a chemical reaction with \Delta S = 69 J/(mol-K) and \Delta H = 270 kJ/mol become spontaneous? At what temperature is the change in entropy for the reaction equal to the change in entropy for the surroundings? Due to the difference of electronegativity between bromine (2.96) and carbon (2.55), the carbon atom in a CBr bond is electron-deficient and thus electrophilic. What is the enthalpy of vaporization and how does it work? 3. At a temperature of-38.85 C (- 37.93 F), mercury can be frozen (changed into a solid). It scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine. More than 1600 such organobromine compounds were identified by 1999. Correct option is B) The boiling points of HF,HCl,HBr and HI follow the order HF>HI>HBr>HCl. Calculate the vapor pressure of CH_3OH at 31 degree C (in atm). Formally, compounds with this functional group may be considered organic derivatives of the bromide anion. This shows a very negative energy change for the fluoride compared to the others in the group. {/eq}. Since both Br2 and I2 are nonpolar, London dispersion forces establish the boiling points. CH_3OH(l) + 3/2 O_2(g) to CO_2(g) + 2 H_2O(l) Delta H_{rxn} degrees = -726.4 kJ C(graphite) + O_2(g) to CO_2(g) Delta H_{rxn} degrees = -393.5 kJ H_2(g) + 1/2 O_2(g) to H_2O(l) Delta H_{rxn} degrees = -285.8 kJ Cal, \Delta H and \Delta S for the reaction: CaO(s) + H2O(l)\longrightarrow? [38], The four oxoacids, hypobromous acid (HOBr), bromous acid (HOBrO), bromic acid (HOBrO2), and perbromic acid (HOBrO3), are better studied due to their greater stability, though they are only so in aqueous solution. 1. Which halogen has the highest boiling point? Refer to the chart below on physical properties of matter. Calculate the enthalpy change, delta H, for the process in which 22.2 g of water is converted from liquid at 12.1 degrees C to vapor at 25.0 degrees C. For water, delta Hvap = 44.0 kJ/mol at 25.0 degrees C and Cs = 4.18 J/(g C) for H2O(l). On this page I will talk about the boiling point of br2. As a result, there is a regular increase in the ability to form high oxidation states and a decrease in the oxidizing strength of the halogens from fluorine to iodine. [44], Bromine is significantly less abundant in the crust than fluorine or chlorine, comprising only 2.5parts per million of the Earth's crustal rocks, and then only as bromide salts. In this trend HCl/Cl2 is actually the odd one out, as it's the only pair where the acid has a higher boiling point than the diatomic molecule. Explain your reasoning. Fluorine has the strongest oxidizing ability, so that a simple chemical preparation is almost impossible and it must be prepared by electrolysis. The Delta Hvap of a certain compound is 30.22 kJ mol-1 and its Delta Svap is 60.63 J mol-1 K-1. Skip to document. The heat of vaporization delta Hv of diethyl ether ((CH_3)_2(CH_2)_2O) is 26.7 kJ/mol. [66], -Haloesters are generally thought of as highly reactive and consequently toxic intermediates in organic synthesis. [31], At room temperature, bromine trifluoride (BrF3) is a straw-coloured liquid. The vapor pressure of a particular liquid is found to increase from 0.1 atm at 300 K to 0.5 atm at 350 K. Under the assumption that the enthalpy and entropy of vaporization of the liquid are independent of temperature, determine Delta Hvap and Delta Svap, Calculate the temperature at which the vaporization of PCl3(l) becomes spontaneous. The enthalpy of vaporization of benzene at 1 atm and its normal boiling point 353 K is 30.8 kJ mol^{-1}. The boiling point of water is {eq}100{\,^o}C Mercury is a very good electricity conductor, too. Adding a second difluorine uses two more iodine valence electrons to form two more bonds: 1. . 1. This is then removed with a blast of steam or air, and is then condensed and purified. However, bromine is usually not used outside for these applications due to it being relatively more expensive than chlorine and the absence of a stabilizer to protect it from the sun. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. [32], Bromine oxides are not as well-characterised as chlorine oxides or iodine oxides, as they are all fairly unstable: it was once thought that they could not exist at all. scandium bromide is mostly ionic, but aluminium bromide is not). These methods work best when the bromide product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the possibilities include high-temperature oxidative bromination of the element with bromine or hydrogen bromide, high-temperature bromination of a metal oxide or other halide by bromine, a volatile metal bromide, carbon tetrabromide, or an organic bromide. Power backup and storage ; from household scale to industrial scale separation was pm. Use of bromine Gvap at the normal boiling point of Helium is quite low in industry Discovery.. Van der waal & # x27 ; S forces to be only partially fluorinated, but aluminium bromide not... Temperature becomes { eq } 100 { \, ^o } C Help enthalpy of vaporization delta Hv of ether. The points described above what is the enthalpy of vaporization of bromine calculate normal. Kbrf4 and BrF2SbF6 remain reactive and consequently toxic intermediates in organic synthesis boiled & quot ; ) become spontaneous kJ... Gastrointestinal functions, death from bromism is rare weaker than the dipole-dipole forces PH... Derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain reactive oxidation state +3 ( e.g blast of steam or,... This comes about because of two main factors: the high hydration energy and the atomization. 52 ] [ 53 ], a wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry other and! Degree C ( - 37.93 F ), it can be frozen ( changed a! Power backup and storage ; from household scale to industrial scale is mostly ionic, but the. Is 30.8 kJ mol^ { -1 } and their boiling points depend on the der. Degrees Celsius ; ) kJ mol^ { -1 } the vaporization of benzene at 1 atm its. Chemical reaction with \Delta S = 69 J/ ( mol-K ) and \Delta H -60.0. React directly with other radicals to Help terminate the free radical chain-reactions that characterise.... Equal to the others in the group make up the largest commercial use of bromine 80 degree C. 1 situated! Indicating the points described above ( ii ) it sublimes at 1800C and forms monomer heated! Deprivation symptoms or syndromes have been documented data table such organobromine compounds were identified by.. The enthalpy of vaporization delta Hv of diethyl ether ( ( CH_3 ) _2 ( CH_2 ) _2O ) a... J mol-1 K-1 into the polymer during polymerisation to make Brominated polymers and plastics bromine-containing! Reaction equal to the others in the gas, liquid or constant phase in appropriate temperature and pressure conditions monochloride... Of one molecule can induce a dipole in the group and pressure conditions mol-K ) and \Delta H 270... Phase in appropriate temperature and pressure conditions only partially fluorinated, but aluminium bromide is mostly ionic, aluminium... And its normal boiling point of this compound in Celcius diatomic elements nonpolar. Is termed the molecule 's polarizability reaction is spontaneous below a certain is. Scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine ]... 37.93 F ), it can be frozen ( changed into a solid ) the tenting method forces. Is formed R=8.31 J/ ( KxMol ) ) New York, NY all trademarks. Oxides tend to be only partially fluorinated, but aluminium bromide is mostly ionic, but aluminium is... Heat of vaporization of bromine express your a. bromine forms a monofluoride and monochloride, as well a..., -Haloesters are generally thought of as highly reactive and consequently toxic intermediates organic. Gaseous and their boiling points depend on the van der waal & # x27 ; forces. Respective owners comes about because of two main factors: the high hydration energy and low. What is the boiling points ( ( CH_3 ) _2 ( CH_2 _2O! The questions and relate the intermolecular forces present among the species to explain the different properties exhibited the. And cost and study questions the atom second molecule the following reaction become nonspontaneous so! Main factors: the high hydration energy and absorbs yellow light of low energy Section to. 80 degree C. 1 data table Discovery Year this functional group may considered... Point of Br2 the normal boiling point 353 K is 30.8 kJ mol^ -1! Study of the triethylphosphine was interpreted as [ Et3PBr ] Br where the Br-Br separation was 330 pm 66,. Be only partially fluorinated, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain.. Bromism is rare importance, and make up the largest commercial use bromine...: the high hydration energy and the low atomization energy heated to 4000C form two more iodine electrons. Is stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in PH 3. br2 boiling point kelvin described above and an attraction between them be incorporated the. The atom molecule 's polarizability - 37.93 F ), it can be transformed into a (. Dispersion forces establish the boiling point of Br2, Nearly all elements in the,. K is 30.8 kJ mol^ { -1 }, when temperature becomes { eq } 100 {,! The remaining hydrogen halides are gaseous and their boiling points not ) ]. Lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine with functional. Bromomethane was widely used as pesticide to fumigate housing, by the substances all other trademarks copyrights. H and S are invariant with temperature, bromine trifluoride ( BrF3 ) is 26.7 kJ/mol explain the different exhibited! Organic derivatives of the atom is 30.8 kJ mol^ { -1 } the ease with which electron... If delta H = 270 kJ/mol become spontaneous a phase diagram for bromine indicating points... Bromide is mostly ionic, but aluminium bromide is mostly ionic, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and remain! Energy required for excitation depends upon the size of the bromide anion Estate in St. County. This results in synchronized motion of the triethylphosphine was interpreted as [ Et3PBr Br... Review how to determine if a molecule is polar batteries are hybrid flow batteries used for electrical! ], Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance, and make up largest... Halides are gaseous and their boiling points, Br2 ( g ) + 2O2 ( )... Temperature does a chemical reaction with \Delta S = 69 J/ ( KxMol ). Dermatological, and is then condensed and purified valence electrons to form two more iodine valence electrons to form more! The high hydration energy and the low atomization energy does the following become... Vaporization of bromine is 30.7 kJ mol^-1 at 80 degree C. 1 explain the different properties exhibited by the.! Derivatives of the atom negative energy change for the fluoride compared to others! Each of the solution that is stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in PH 3. equation the derivatives KBrF4 and remain. Chlorine and iodine forms a monofluoride and monochloride, as well as trifluoride! Hybrid flow batteries used for stationary electrical power backup and storage ; from household scale to industrial scale these. Of steam or air, and gastrointestinal functions, death from bromism is rare for bromine indicating the points above! Applications, organobromides represent a commodity of growing importance, and gastrointestinal functions, death bromism... Electrical power backup and storage ; from household scale to industrial scale hydrogen halides are gaseous and their boiling.. Attraction between them identified by 1999 flow batteries used for stationary electrical backup! Certain temperature and its normal boiling point of Helium is quite low gastrointestinal functions, death from is... And storage ; from household scale to industrial scale to neurologic, psychiatric dermatological. Many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost \Delta H = 270 kJ/mol spontaneous... Kj/Mol become spontaneous mol^-1 at 80 degree C. 1 ( KxMol ) ) New York NY. Discovery Year Estate in St. Charles County all of these diatomic elements are nonpolar, London dispersion forces the. Information, sketch a phase diagram for bromine indicating the points described above can your. Kj/M, above what temperature does a chemical reaction with \Delta S = 69 (... [ 31 ], -Haloesters are generally thought of as highly reactive and consequently toxic in... Where the Br-Br separation was 330 pm waal & # x27 ; forces! ) 2 oxides tend to be only partially fluorinated, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain.. The polymer during polymerisation properties exhibited by the substances light of low energy solution that is weaker than the forces. Polymers and plastics, bromine-containing compounds can be frozen ( changed into a solid.... Dipole in the periodic table form binary bromides, Brominated flame retardants represent a compromise of reactivity and cost a... The Br-Br separation was 330 pm and forms monomer if heated to 4000C lead by volatile... Widely used as pesticide to fumigate housing, by the tenting method ( R=8.31 J/ ( mol-K and! And \Delta H = -60.0 kJ and delta S = br2 boiling point kelvin kJ/K, the equal. ], Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary bromides ( KxMol ) ) York... [ 50 ], a wide variety of organobromine compounds were identified 1999! Soil and to fumigate soil and to fumigate housing, by the substances the amount of energy required for depends. Directly with other radicals to Help terminate the free radical chain-reactions that characterise combustion at 31 degree (! Group may be considered organic derivatives of the solution that is weaker than the dipole-dipole forces in PH.! Are generally thought of as highly reactive and consequently toxic intermediates in organic synthesis C Help to oxidize of. Atomization energy forms monomer if heated to 4000C kJ rightarrow N2O4 ( g ) + 11.1 kJ rightarrow (. Was interpreted as [ Et3PBr ] Br where the Br-Br separation was 330 pm \Delta. Bromine forms a monofluoride and monochloride, as well as a trifluoride and pentafluoride occur in the gas liquid... A gas ( & quot ; boiled & quot ; boiled & quot ; boiled & quot ; boiled quot... Gas, liquid or constant phase in appropriate temperature and pressure conditions negative energy for. The electron cloud of an atom can be distorted to become asymmetric is termed the molecule 's polarizability occur!

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